ma介紹如何使用 Dicom3tools 工具組中的 dciodvfy 與 dcentvfy 指令驗證醫學影像是否符合 DICOM 標準。
dciodvfy 與 dcentvfy 兩個指令都包含在 Dicom3tools 工具組中，安裝方式請參考 DICOM 影像工具 Dicom3tools：編譯、安裝、使用教學與範例。
dciodvfy 檢測單一 DICOM 影像檔案dciodvfy 指令工具是由 David Clunie 所開發的 DICOM 標準驗證工具，同時也被 TCIA 與 IHE Connectathon 等單位所採用，可以針對單一 DICOM 影像檔案進行以下檢測：
在使用 dciodvfy 指令工具進行 DICOM 影像檔案檢測時，要注意軟體的版本，加上 -version 參數可以查詢工具的版本：
# 查看 dciodvfy 版本 dciodvfy -version
dicom3tools Version: 1.00.snapshot.20211009110822 dicom3tools Platform: Linux largeimg 5.4.0-87-generic #98~18.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Wed Sep 22 10:45:04 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux dicom3tools Preprocessor: gcc cpp 7.5.0 dicom3tools Compiler: gcc g++ 7.5.0 dicom3tools UID Root: 1.2.840.99999
若要檢查影像檔案是否符合 DICOM 標準，可以執行 dciodvfy 並在參數中指定輸入的 DICOM 影像檔案名稱即可。
這裡我們以 kaggle 上的 ID_0000_AGE_0060_CONTRAST_1_CT.dcm 這一個 DICOM 影像檔案為例，檢測其是否符合 DICOM 標準：
# 檢測影像是否符合 DICOM 標準
dciodvfy ID_0000_AGE_0060_CONTRAST_1_CT.dcm
Warning - Missing attribute or value that would be needed to build DICOMDIR - Study ID Warning - Value dubious for this VR - (0x0010,0x0010) PN Patient's Name PN [1] = <TCGA-17-Z034> - Retired Person Name form Error - Value invalid for this VR - (0x0013,0x1010) LO Project Name LO - Trailing character invalid for this VR = '' (0) Error - Dicom dataset contains invalid data values for Value Representations Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0040) US Data Set Type Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0041) LO Data Set Subtype Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0009,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0010,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0011,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0012,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0013,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0018,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0019,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x0030) DS Image Position Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x0035) DS Image Orientation Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x0050) DS Location Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x0070) LO Image Geometry Type Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x0080) CS Masking Image Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x3100) CS Source Image IDs Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x3402) CS Modified Image ID Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x3403) DA Modified Image Date Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x3405) TM Modified Image Time Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x5000) AT Original Image Identification Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0020,0x5002) LO Original Image Identification Nomenclature Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0021,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0028,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0028,0x0005) US Image Dimensions Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0028,0x0040) CS Image Format Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0028,0x0050) LO Manipulated Image Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0028,0x0060) CS Compression Code Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0028,0x0200) US Image Location Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0029,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0031,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0032,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0032,0x4000) LT Study Comments Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0040,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0091,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0095,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0097,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0099,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x7003,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Retired attribute - (0x7fe0,0x0000) UL Group Length Warning - Dicom dataset contains retired attributes CTImage Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0008,0x0040) US Data Set Type Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0008,0x0041) LO Data Set Subtype Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0018,0x0020) CS Scanning Sequence Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0020,0x0030) DS Image Position Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0020,0x0035) DS Image Orientation Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0020,0x0050) DS Location Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0020,0x0070) LO Image Geometry Type Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0020,0x0080) CS Masking Image Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0020,0x3100) CS Source Image IDs Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0020,0x3402) CS Modified Image ID Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0020,0x3403) DA Modified Image Date Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0020,0x3405) TM Modified Image Time Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0020,0x5000) AT Original Image Identification Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0020,0x5002) LO Original Image Identification Nomenclature Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0028,0x0005) US Image Dimensions Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0028,0x0040) CS Image Format Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0028,0x0050) LO Manipulated Image Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0028,0x0060) CS Compression Code Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0028,0x0200) US Image Location Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0032,0x4000) LT Study Comments Warning - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD - (0x0040,0x1003) SH Requested Procedure Priority Warning - Dicom dataset contains attributes not present in standard DICOM IOD - this is a Standard Extended SOP Class
通常檢測的結果需要再經過人工判讀，參照 DICOM 標準規範與 dciodvfy 的說明，才能夠確認問題的嚴重程度，以及是否需要進一步修正。
在這份檢測結果中出現了許多退役屬性（Retired attribute）的警告，代表檔案中含有一些過時的標籤，另外還有一些非標準的屬性（Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD），這些問題看起來都不是很嚴重，不會影響到正常的影像使用。
而這裡有一個錯誤是 Project Name 的內容不符合其對應的 VR 規範，結尾處的補充字元不可以使用 NULL（0x00），這個錯誤並不是非常嚴重，在大部分的情況下大概也不會造成問題。若要修正這個錯誤，可以將結尾處的補充字元替換為空白字元即可，以下是用 Pydicom 修正此 DICOM 影像的指令稿：
from pydicom import dcmread # 讀取 DICOM 檔案 ds = dcmread("ID_0000_AGE_0060_CONTRAST_1_CT.dcm") # 將 0x00 取代為空白 ds[0x0013,0x1010].value = ds[0x0013,0x1010].value.replace(b'\x00',b' ') # 另存 DICOM 檔案 ds.save_as("ID_0000_AGE_0060_CONTRAST_1_CT_fixed.dcm")
若要顯示較詳細的說明，可以加上 -describe 參數：
# 顯示詳細說明 dciodvfy -describe ID_0000_AGE_0060_CONTRAST_1_CT.dcm
若需要最詳細的輸出訊息，可以加上 -v 或 -verbose 參數：
# 顯示最詳細說明 dciodvfy -v ID_0000_AGE_0060_CONTRAST_1_CT.dcm
若要顯示 DICOM 影像的檔案屬性，可以加上 -dump 參數：
# 顯示檔案屬性 dciodvfy -dump ID_0000_AGE_0060_CONTRAST_1_CT.dcm
[略] (0x7003,0x0000) UL Group Length VR=<UL> VL=<0x0004> Used=<F> IE=<Unknown> [0x00000014] (0x7003,0x0010) LO PrivateCreator VR=<LO> VL=<0x000c> Used=<F> IE=<Unknown> <SIEMENS MED > (0x7fe0,0x0000) UL Group Length VR=<UL> VL=<0x0004> Used=<F> IE=<Unknown> [0x00080008] (0x7fe0,0x0010) OX Pixel Data VR=<OW> VL=<0x80000> Used=<T> IE=<Image>
這個輸出與 dcdump 的輸出類似，不過這裡多了各屬性是否用於該 IOD，以及 information entity 的資訊。
若要讓 dciodvfy 採用新式的輸出格式，可以加上 -new 參數，讓輸出訊息的格式更為一致 （Error/Warning – 屬性路徑 – 訊息 – 內容）：
# 以新格式輸出 dciodvfy -new ID_0000_AGE_0060_CONTRAST_1_CT.dcm
Warning - </StudyID(0020,0010)> - Missing attribute or value that would be needed to build DICOMDIR Warning - </PatientName(0010,0010)[1]> - Value dubious for this VR [PN] = <TCGA-17-Z034> - Retired Person Name form Error - </(0013,1010,"CTP")> - Value invalid for this VR [LO] - Trailing character invalid for this VR = '' (0) Warning - </(0008,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </DataSetType(0008,0040)> - Retired attribute Warning - </DataSetSubtype(0008,0041)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0009,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0010,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0011,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0012,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </DeidentificationMethodCodeSequence(0012,0064)[1]/(0008,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </DeidentificationMethodCodeSequence(0012,0064)[2]/(0008,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </DeidentificationMethodCodeSequence(0012,0064)[3]/(0008,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </DeidentificationMethodCodeSequence(0012,0064)[4]/(0008,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </DeidentificationMethodCodeSequence(0012,0064)[5]/(0008,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </DeidentificationMethodCodeSequence(0012,0064)[6]/(0008,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </DeidentificationMethodCodeSequence(0012,0064)[7]/(0008,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </DeidentificationMethodCodeSequence(0012,0064)[8]/(0008,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0013,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0018,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0019,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0020,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </ImagePosition(0020,0030)> - Retired attribute Warning - </ImageOrientation(0020,0035)> - Retired attribute Warning - </Location(0020,0050)> - Retired attribute Warning - </ImageGeometryType(0020,0070)> - Retired attribute Warning - </MaskingImage(0020,0080)> - Retired attribute Warning - </SourceImageIDs(0020,3100)> - Retired attribute Warning - </ModifiedImageID(0020,3402)> - Retired attribute Warning - </ModifiedImageDate(0020,3403)> - Retired attribute Warning - </ModifiedImageTime(0020,3405)> - Retired attribute Warning - </OriginalImageIdentification(0020,5000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </OriginalImageIdentificationNomenclature(0020,5002)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0021,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0028,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </ImageDimensions(0028,0005)> - Retired attribute Warning - </ImageFormat(0028,0040)> - Retired attribute Warning - </ManipulatedImage(0028,0050)> - Retired attribute Warning - </CompressionCode(0028,0060)> - Retired attribute Warning - </ImageLocation(0028,0200)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0029,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0031,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0032,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </StudyComments(0032,4000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0040,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0091,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0095,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0097,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(0099,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(7003,0000)> - Retired attribute Warning - </(7fe0,0000)> - Retired attribute CTImage Warning - </DataSetType(0008,0040)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </DataSetSubtype(0008,0041)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </ScanningSequence(0018,0020)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </ImagePosition(0020,0030)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </ImageOrientation(0020,0035)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </Location(0020,0050)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </ImageGeometryType(0020,0070)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </MaskingImage(0020,0080)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </SourceImageIDs(0020,3100)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </ModifiedImageID(0020,3402)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </ModifiedImageDate(0020,3403)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </ModifiedImageTime(0020,3405)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </OriginalImageIdentification(0020,5000)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </OriginalImageIdentificationNomenclature(0020,5002)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </ImageDimensions(0028,0005)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </ImageFormat(0028,0040)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </ManipulatedImage(0028,0050)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </CompressionCode(0028,0060)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </ImageLocation(0028,0200)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </StudyComments(0032,4000)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD Warning - </RequestedProcedurePriority(0040,1003)> - Attribute is not present in standard DICOM IOD
若要在 dciodvfy 的輸出中顯示檔案名稱，可以加上 -filename 參數：
# 顯示檔案名稱 dciodvfy -filename ID_0000_AGE_0060_CONTRAST_1_CT.dcm
Filename: "ID_0000_AGE_0060_CONTRAST_1_CT.dcm" Warning - Missing attribute or value that would be needed to build DICOMDIR - Study ID Warning - Value dubious for this VR - (0x0010,0x0010) PN Patient's Name PN [1] = <TCGA-17-Z034> - Retired Person Name form Error - Value invalid for this VR - (0x0013,0x1010) LO Project Name LO - Trailing character invalid for this VR = '' (0) Error - Dicom dataset contains invalid data values for Value Representations Warning - Retired attribute - (0x0008,0x0000) UL Group Length [略]
dcentvfy 檢測多 DICOM 檔案屬性一致性dcentvfy 指令工具可以用於檢測多個 DICOM 檔案之間的屬性一致性，例如在同一個 Study 或同一個 Series 之下應該要一致的屬性等，同時也會檢查有無重複的 SOP Instance UIDs。
# 檢測多個 DICOM 檔案屬性一致性
dcentvfy *.dcm
若檔案輸量很龐大，或是散落在不同地方，可以使用 -f 或 -filelist 參數來指定檔案清單，透過檔案清單來指定要檢測的 DICOM 影像檔案（檔案清單的格式為一行一個 DICOM 檔案路徑）：
# 透過檔案清單指定 DICOM 檔案 dcentvfy -f filelist.txt
若想要輸出詳細的訊息，可以加上 -v 參數：
# 詳細輸出 dcentvfy -v *.dcm
若加上 -vv 參數，可以輸出最詳盡的訊息：
# 最詳細輸出 dcentvfy -vv *.dcm